Paraphrasing Epidemiology Questions Answers

Question: Explainthe paraphrasing epidemiology questions answers. Answer: Answer 1. Randomized trial in a controlled environment recommended. The acute myocardial blockage will be intervened with a cold therapy which will be followed by standard therapies as recommended for patients with acute cases. Only those patients receiving the standard therapy will be consist the group chosen for comparison. Here, the end result will be brain damage. Answer 2. On the basis of a retrospective group analysis, the exposure is to asbestos. It can be presumed as per the study of exposure conducted on a certain populace, the exposure is determined to be a result of occupation related exposure. This exposure leads to diseases like asbestosis, lung cancer, mesothelioma and other heart related diseases, which could have been enlisted in the records as well. The best way to perform the analysis would be doing it from the database of a hospital. Answer 3.The conclusion mentioned in the question cannot be agreed upon as; the case is not providing sufficient evidence which is convincing enough to support the case. In comparison to the period from 1950 to 1980, the present days diagnostic procedures have improved which might increase the number of reports on congenital malformations. Thus, this gives rise to the necessity for further information regarding this particular condition. No further information on other factors like the rate among the rural and urban populace, probable confounding aspects like the socioeconomic status have been taken into consideration or not, healthcare and proper diagnosis availability and accessibility, attitude towards seeking out healthcare, presence of other comorbidity and so on. All of the above stated particulars are required prior to arriving at any sort of conclusion. Answer 4. A positive and linear connection exists between consuming chocolate and attaining the status of a Nobel Laureate. Ethnographic analysis was implemented. Determining the precise associations is not possible from this analysis as the data has not been collected from individuals, which brings out the fundamental disadvantage. Furthermore, the design of the analysis is far weaker than other designs comparatively. Refuse to justify as, the cause cannot be determined from the analyses at all, only the association is possible to determine. However, to determine such sort of association an ethnographic analysis design proves to be a weak design. The cause cannot even be associated with the Hills criteria thus, the conclusion cannot be agreed upon. Information on factors influencing or determining cognitive functions and additional social contexts are required for the purpose. Answer 5. Surveillances are of three types and are as follows: Passive Surveillance: the local providers of healthcare services collect data relating to the concerned disease on a routine basis and then the data is forwarded to the authority in the form of a report. As the departments of health do not encourage collection of these sorts of data, this sort of data collection is of a passive nature; rather the reporting procedure is more of a regular procedure. Active Surveillance: this kind of surveillance is encouraged by the authorities of the health department towards the proper collection and reporting of data by the health workers. Here, the health workers are further monitored to ascertain the acquisition of accurate reports based on the data. Furthermore, there is possibility to gain incentive for data collection completion. However, this process involves more resources and additional time. Sentinel Surveillance: this kind of surveillance method is implemented in exclusive cases where there is less possible chance of acquiring the information on the disease through active or passive surveillance. The authorities of the health department engage greater attention upon the collection of data by the health workers and also provide extra incentives upon successful data acquisition. This procedure too requires additional time and resources. For instance, for an infectious disease like flu it would be the responsibility of the health workers to carry on a passive surveillance and prepare reports on the acquired data on a regular basis. In case of a particular season when flu is common or as a result of an outbreak of flu active surveillance can be initiated in order to obtain comprehensive data. In cases where the authorities at the health department require to identify flu types from a particular region they can consider to initiate Sentinel Surveillance. Answer 6. a) A study on case control. In this study, children with asthma will be the cases and the children not having asthma will be the controls. History based on the data of exposure (whooping cough and measles) had been collected based on both the controls and cases respectively. b) Sources considered to be potent for bias are as follows: Selection bias: the controls were chosen from the south island and the cases were chosen from the north island. Misclassification bias: diagnostic criteria were not specified for classifying non asthma and asthma controls and cases. Furthermore, it was not certain whether the same kind of diagnostic tools were used for the process or not, which could misclassify the controls and cases potentially. Recall bias: the record of whooping cough and measles were asked from the mothers, which could have been a potent factor for bringing in the recall bias criterion on the provided information. Response bias: As there was hardly anything mentioned about the rate of response, there could be a potential for response bias. Based on the significant differences from the non-respondents and respondents in matters to exposure and end results, it might initiate biasness. c) In the process of determining probable confounders associated between infection and asthma the question regarding the parents addiction towards smoking and the country or city where the affected dwelt arose. Having this data would be a great help to the researchers for they would be able to regulate those as probable confounders at the time of the analysis of the study. Answer 7. The two primary potential bias are as under: Recall bias: interview was conducted on mothers regarding their hobbies, the set time period was 3months after and before the time of conception, and last 5months after the birth of the baby. Therefore, it was likely that the mothers having developmental anomalies will have the memory of it and others will not be able to recall it precisely. Selection bias: mothers speaking only Spanish or English were chosen and mothers speaking other languages were left out. However, the infants from the same region chosen for the purpose. As a result of recall bias, there will be a difference in the reports by the controls and cases regarding the exposure. The report on the odds ratio is going to be overestimated. As a consequence of the selection bias already mentioned, a group of mothers will be left out as based on their linguistic backgrounds. If the intensity of developmental anomalies is found to be greater among them, then the bias will be null as based on the odds ratio of the report. These kinds of biases can be avoided by two methods: in order to avoid selection bias linguistic restrictions should be lifted at the stage when the design is made. In order to avoid recall bias, the preset period of time should be reduced so that precise information can be obtained or mothers having other sort of disease can be selected from that very healthcare concern. Answer 8. Scenario two has been selected for the answer: Cross selection of study shall be used to analyze the relationship between trace metal and Perthes disease and analyze the relation between toxic metal and perthes disease. In this particular study design, the exposure is the toxic metal and trace metal and the end result is perthes disease. The end result is pre-determined or implementation of a standard diagnostic analysis will be incorporated to confirm. In order to identify the exposure the levels of toxic metals and trace metals will be required to detect by means of doing a blood test. This is a cross-sectional study as; both the data on end results and the exposure can be collected at the same time. The data will be further analyzed to identify the associations. Key limitations for this study design are as under: Making casual inference might be difficult as, it is impossible to validate whether the exposure of toxic metals and trace metals led the end results of Perthes disease. As a consequence of the nature of this particular study design it is quite the task to generalize the analysis results.